According to CoinMeta, Vitalik Buterin indicates that blockchain has evolved from a simple ledger to a secure computing network based on cryptography. Zero-knowledge proofs have been incorporated into Ethereum’s roadmap, and technologies such as fully homomorphic encryption are beginning to be applied and may be used on the chain in the future. Parallel block construction and verification can achieve higher scalability. The scope of industry attention has expanded from digital assets to both digital assets and information, covering the user end, transaction memory pools, and on-chain processes. Providing cryptographic rules for automatic formal verification in AI can improve verification efficiency.