According to CoinMeta, Goldman Sachs expects the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates only once, while the market currently anticipates three raises, suggesting that the current tightening cycle could be one of the smallest since 1983. Strategist Vickie Chang emphasizes that historically, stock markets have performed strongly after limited tightening cycles: after rate hikes in 1997, the S&P 500 index rose by 34% within a year, and after rate hikes in 2015, it rose by 9%.